Cianobacterias como alternativa de fertilización biológica para el cultivo de maíz

Gabriela A. Santiago-Juárez; Ma Nieves Trujillo-Tapia; Eustacio Ramirez-Fuentes

doi:10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2467

Autores/as

Gabriela A. Santiago-Juárez Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Ángel. San Pedro Pochutla, Oaxaca. México.
Ma Nieves Trujillo-Tapia Instituto de Ecología, Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Ángel. San Pedro Pochutla, Oaxaca. México.
Eustacio Ramirez-Fuentes Instituto de Recursos, Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Ángel. San Pedro Pochutla, Oaxaca. México.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2467

Palabras clave:

contaminación ambiental, cianospray, biotecnología ambiental

Resumen

El uso continuo de fertilizantes químicos en los campos agrícolas provoca la degradación del suelo, la contaminación ambiental y daños a la salud humana. Los fertilizantes nitrogenados son poco eficientes, más del 50 % del N aplicado se pierde por lixiviación, adsorción a las partículas del suelo o volatilización de NH₃ a la atmosfera; y su efecto negativo provoca la acidificación del suelo, la eutroficación de los cuerpos de agua y la pérdida de biodiversidad en los ecosistemas. El uso de biofertilizantes a base de cianobacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno es una alternativa prometedora para la producción agrícola, además son una fuente potencial de fertilización útil para remplazar a los fertilizantes químicos y promover la fertilidad del suelo. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron comparar el biofertilizante vs fertilizante químico, y establecer el mejor sitio de aplicación del biofertilizante. La variedad de maíz V-524 se sembró en macetas en un suelo franco-arenoso, se asperjó cada 8 días una solución al 20 % (v/v) del biofertilizante en suelo, foliar y, combinado; el control fue sin biofertilizante. Los indicadores bioquímicos de la planta y el N en el suelo fueron analizados. Por los resultados obtenidos, las cianobacterias aportan el nitrógeno requerido por la planta; la tasa de crecimiento del maíz en el tratamiento C/B fue 1.09 veces mayor al tratamiento S/B. Podemos concluir que las cianobacterias son una alternativa de fertilización biológica en el cultivo de maíz, reduciendo hasta en un 50 % el uso de fertilizante químico.

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