Suplementos deportivos: ¿riesgo a la salud?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v24i1.1557Keywords:
dietary supplements, sports supplements, ergogenic aids, doping substances, adulterationAbstract
Sports supplements are a category of dietary supplements which in recent years has not only increased their quantity and availability, but also the number of new products. Athletes of all levels are interested in consuming supplements which are useful to increase gains in muscle mass thus making the consumption of these products a common practice. Unfortunately, there are some products that are actually doping substances which are offered as sports supplements, on the other hand, certain sports supplements may contain active pharmaceutical ingredients or their analogues undeclared in their ingredients, probably to effectively enhance the benefits that these products ensure exposing consumers to a significant potential health risk, especially those unfamiliar with sports nutrition products. It is important for health professionals to be aware of the possible implications for the consumption of certain products offered in the sports nutrition market when evaluating their patients for a variety of pathologies.
Downloads
References
Abbate, V., Kicman, A.T., Evans-Brown, M., Mcveigh, J., Cowan, D.A., Wilson, C., Coles, S.J., Walker, C.J. 2015. Anabolic steroids detected in bodybuilding dietary supplements – A significant risk to public health. Drug Testing and Analysis. 7: 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1728
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Custom reports service – Sports nutrition products market – Europe. [Consultado 30 Julio 2021] 2019. Disponible en: https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/international-trade/market-intelligence/reports/custom-reports-service-sports-nutrition-products-market-europe
Alaedini, S., Amirahmadi, M., Kobarfard, F., Rastegar, H., Nasirahmadi, S., Shoeibi, S. 2021. Survey of protein-based sport supplements for illegally added anabolic steroids methyltestosterone and 4-androstenedione by UPLC-MS/MS. Steroids. 165: 108758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108758
Asociación Nacional de la Industria de los Suplementos Alimenticios. [Consultado 11 Agosto 2021] 2021. Disponible en: https://anaisa.mx/
Augustin, M.A., Sanguansri, L. 2012. Challenges in developing delivery systems for food additives, nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. En: Encapsulation Technologies and Delivery Systems for Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. N. Garti y M. Julian (ed.), pp 19–48. Woodheah Publising Limited, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095909.1.19
Australian Institute of Sport. Australian Institute of Sport Position Statement: Supplements and sports foods in high performance sport. [Consultado 15 Julio 2021] 2021. Disponible en: https://www.ais.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/1000841/Position-Statement-Supplements-and-Sports-Foods-abridged_v2.pdf
Balasubramanian, A., Thirumavalavan, N., Srivatsav, A., Yu, J., Lipshultz, L.I., Pastuszak, A.W. 2019. Testosterone imposters: An analysis of popular online testosterone boosting supplements. The Journal of Sexual Medicince. 16: 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.008
Brown, A.C. 2017. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food and Chemical Toxicology 107: 449–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.001
Brown, G.A., Vukovich, M., King, D.S. 2006. Testosterone prohormone supplements. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38: 1451–1460. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000228928.69512.2e
Bytomski, J.R. 2018. Fueling for Performance. Sports Health. 10: 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117743913
Chappell, A.J., Simper, T., Barker, M.E. 2018. Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 15: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0209-z
Chappell, A.J., Simper, T., Helms, E. 2019. Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 16: 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0302-y
Clemesha, C.G., Thaker, H., Samplaski, M.K. 2020. ‘Testosterone boosting’ supplements composition and claims are not supported by the academic literature. The World Journal of Men's Health. 38: 115–122. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.190043
De Ceglie, C., Calvano, C.D., Zambonin, C.G. 2015. MALDI-TOF MS for quality control of high protein content sport supplements. Food Chemistry. 176: 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.038
Directo, D., Wong, M.W.H., Elam, M.L., Falcone, P., Osmond, A., Jo, E. 2019. The effects of a multi-Ingredient performance supplement combined with resistance training on exercise volume, muscular strength, and body composition. Sports. 7: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060152
Duiven, E., van Loon, L.J.C., Spruijt, L., Koert, W., de Hon, O.M. 2021. Undeclared doping substances are highly prevalent in commercial sports nutrition supplements. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 20: 328–338. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.328
Edenfield, K.M. 2020. Sports supplements: Pearls and pitfalls. Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice. 47: 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.002
Eichner, A., Tygart, T. 2016. Adulterated dietary supplements threaten the health and sporting career of up-and-coming young athletes. Drug Testing and Analysis. 8: 304–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1899
Fonseca, G.W.P.D., Dworatzek, E., Ebner, N., Von Haehling, S. 2020. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 29: 881–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275
Gardiner, P., Sarma, D.N., Dog, T.L., Barrett, M.L., Chavez, M.L., Ko, R., Mahady, G.B., Marles, R.J., Pellicore, L.S., Giancaspro, G.I. 2008. The state of dietary supplement adverse event reporting in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 17: 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1627
Garthe, I. 2019. Dietary supplements and elite athletes: when nature becomes high risk. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research. 9: 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coemr.2019.07.004
Garthe, I., Maughan, R.J. 2018. Athletes and supplements: Prevalence and perspectives. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28: 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429
Garthe, I., Ramsbottom, R. 2020. Elite athletes, a rationale for the use of dietary supplements: A practical approach. PharmaNutrition. 14: 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100234
Garza-Ocañas, L., Badillo-Castañeda, C.T., Montoya-Eguía, S.L., Saenz-Chávez, P.L., Garza-Ulloa, H., 2013. Confirmación de dexametasona y diclofenaco por LC-MS-MS como adulterantes en un producto herbolario. Salud Pública de México. 55: 498. https://doi.org/10.21149/spm.v55i5.7250
Geldof, L., Pozo, O.J., Lootens, L., Morthier, W., Van Eenoo, P., Deventer, K. 2017. In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Testing and Analysis. 9: 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1930
Geller, A.I., Shehab, N., Weidle, N.J., Lovegrove, M.C., Wolpert, B.J., Timbo, B.B., Mozersky, R.P., Budnitz, D.S. 2015. Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Events Related to Dietary Supplements. The New England Journal of Medicine. 373: 1531–1540. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa1504267
Geyer, H., Parr, M.K., Koehler, K., Mareck, U., Schänzer, W., Thevis, M. 2008. Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 43: 892–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1452
Grand View Research. Sports Nutrition Market Size & Growth Report, 2020-2027. [Consultado 31 Agosto 2021] 2021. Disponible en: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/sports-nutrition-market
Herriman, M., Fletcher, L., Tchaconas, A., Adesman, A., Milanaik, R., 2017. Dietary supplements and young teens: Misinformation and access provided by retailers. Pediatrics. 139. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1257
Iraki, J., Fitschen, P., Espinar, S., Helms, E., 2019. Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review. Sports. 7: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7070154
Jokipalo, I., Khudayarov, A. 2021. A Netnography and a Survey on Doping Use among Competitive Doping-untested Strength-sport Athletes. Interational Journal of Sports Medicine. 42: 645–650 https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1342-7312
Joseph, J., Parr, M., 2014. Synthetic Androgens as Designer Supplements. Current Neuropharmacology. 13: 89–100. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756
Jovanov, P., Đorđić, V., Obradović, B., Barak, O., Pezo, L., Marić, A., Sakač, M. 2019. Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 16: 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7
Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S.M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J.N., Galvan, E., Greenwood, M., Lowery, L.M., Wildman, R., Antonio, J., Kreider, R.B., 2018. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 15: 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
Kim, E.H., Seo, H.S., Ki, N.Y., Park, N.H., Lee, W., Do, J.A., Park, S., Baek, S.Y., Moon, B., Oh, H. Bin, Hong, J. 2017. Reliable screening and confirmation of 156 multi-class illegal adulterants in dietary supplements based on extracted common ion chromatograms by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1491: 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.032
Knapik, J.J., Steelman, R.A., Hoedebecke, S.S., Austin, K.G., Farina, E.K., Lieberman, H.R. 2016a. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 46: 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7
Knapik, J.J., Trone, D.W., Austin, K.G., Steelman, R.A., Farina, E.K., Lieberman, H.R. 2016b. Prevalence, adverse events, and factors associated with dietary supplement and nutritional supplement use by US Navy and Marine corps personnel. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 116: 1423–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.02.015
Kulkarni, A., Huerto, R., Roberto, C.A., Austin, S.B. 2017. Leveraging corporate social responsibility to improve consumer safety of dietary supplements sold for weight loss and muscle building. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 7: 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-016-0434-4
Leaney, A.E., Beck, P., Biddle, S., Brown, P., Grace, P.B., Hudson, S.C., Mawson, D.H. 2021. Analysis of supplements available to UK consumers purporting to contain selective androgen receptor modulators. Drug Testing and Analysis. 13: 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2908
Lee, J.H., Han, J.H., Min, A.Y., Kim, H., Shin, D., 2020. Screening for twenty-eight target anabolic-androgenic steroids in protein supplements using QuEChERS extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants - Part A. 37: 1425–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1773543
Lopez-Samanes, A., Ortega Fonseca, J.F., Fernandez Elias, V.E., Borreani, S., Mate-Munõz, J.L., Kovacs, M.S. 2015. Nutritional ergogenic aids in tennis: A brief review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 37: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000141
Lorenz, L.M., Toomey, V.M., Lanzarotta, A.C., Flurer, R.A., Falconer, T.M. 2019. Identification of the designer steroid Androsta-3,5-diene-7,17-dione in a dietary supplement. Drug Testing and Analysis. 11: 1109–1115. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2589
Luethi, D., Liechti, M.E., 2020. Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects. Archives of Toxicology. 94: 1085–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02693-7
Machek, S.B., Cardaci, T.D., Wilburn, D.T., Willoughby, D.S. 2020. Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review. Steroids. 164: 108753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753
Martello, S., Felli, M., Chiarotti, M. 2007. Survey of nutritional supplements for selected illegal anabolic steroids and ephedrine using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods, respectively. Food Additives & Contaminants. 24: 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030601013729
Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Sospedra, I., Ortiz, C.M., Baladía, E., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Ortiz-Moncada, R., 2017. Intended or unintended doping? A review of the presence of doping substances in dietary supplements used in sports. Nutrients. 9: 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101093
Mathews, N.M. 2018. Prohibited contaminants in dietary supplements. Sports Health. 10: 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117727736
Maughan, R.J., Burke, L.M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D.E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S.M., Rawson, E.S., Walsh, N.P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., Meeusen, R., Van Loon, L., Shirreffs, S.M., Spriet, L.L., Stuart, M., Vernec, A., Currell, K., Ali, V.M., Budgett, R.G.M., Ljungqvist, A., Mountjoy, M., Pitsiladis, Y., Soligard, T., Erdener, U., Engebretsen, L. 2018. IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28: 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
Maughan, R.J., Greenhaff, P.L., Hespel, P. 2011. Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 29: S57–S66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.587446
Maughan, R.J., King, D.S., Lea, T., 2004. Dietary supplements. Journal of Sports Sciences. 22: 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140581
Muñoz Maldonado, G.E., Ochoa Ahmed, F.A., Díaz Ochoa, E.A., Ramírez Orozco, R.E., Gómez Renaud, V.M. 2021. Suplementos deportivos: ¿Cómo definimos a estos productos? Lux Médica.16: 48. Disponible en: https://revistas.uaa.mx/index.php/luxmedica/article/view/3235
Navarro, V.J., Barnhart, H., Bonkovsky, H.L., Davern, T., Fontana, R.J., Grant, L., Reddy, K.R., Seeff, L.B., Serrano, J., Sherker, A.H., Stolz, A., Talwalkar, J., Vega, M., Vuppalanchi, R. 2014. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Hepatology. 60: 1399–1408. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27317
O’Bryan, K.R., Doering, T.M., Morton, R.W., Coffey, V.G., Phillips, S.M., Cox, G.R., 2020. 54: 573–581 Do multi-ingredient protein supplements augment resistance training-induced gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54: 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099889
Odoardi, S., Castrignanò, E., Martello, S., Chiarotti, M., Strano-Rossi, S. 2015. Determination of anabolic agents in dietary supplements by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants - Part A. 32: 635–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1014868
Outram, S., Stewart, B., 2015. Doping through supplement use: A review of the available empirical data. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 25: 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0174
Pokrywka, A., Obmiński, Z., Malczewska-Lenczowska, J., Fijałek, Z., Turek-Lepa, E., Grucza, R., 2014. Insights into supplements with tribulus terrestris used by athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 41: 99–105. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0037
Pomeranz, J.L., Barbosa, G., Killian, C., Austin, S.B. 2015. The dangerous mix of adolescents and dietary supplements forweight loss andmuscle building: Legal strategies for state action. Journal of Public Health and Management & Practice. 21: 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000142
Proceso. Los estragos de un “producto milagro”. [Consultado 8 Julio 2021] 2011. Disponible en: https://www.proceso.com.mx/reportajes/2011/3/10/los-estragos-de-un-producto-milagro-84745.html
Rahnema, C.D., Crosnoe, L.E., Kim, E.D., 2015. Designer steroids – over-the-counter supplements and their androgenic component: Review of an increasing problem. Andrology. 3: 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.307
Rocha, T., Amaral, J.S., Oliveira, M.B.P.P. 2016. Adulteration of dietary supplements by the illegal addition of synthetic drugs: A review. Comprensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 15: 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12173
Ronis, M.J.J., Pedersen, K.B., Watt, J. 2018. Adverse effects of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 58: 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052844
Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Domínguez, R. 2019. Evaluation and behavior of spanish bodybuilders: Doping and sports supplements. Biomolecules. 9: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9040122
Santos, H.O., Howell, S., Teixeira, F.J. 2019. Beyond tribulus (Tribulus terrestris L.): The effects of phytotherapics on testosterone, sperm and prostate parameters. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 235: 392–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.033
Shao, A. 2017. Global market entry regulations for nutraceuticals, functional foods, dietary/food/health supplements. En: Developing New Functional Food and Nutraceutical Products. B. Debasis y N. Sreejayan (ed.), pp 279–290. Academic Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802780-6.00015-8
Temerdashev, A.Z., Dmitrieva, E. V., 2020. Methods for the determination of selective androgen receptor modulators. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 75: 835–850. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934820070187
Thevis, M., Schänzer, W., 2018. Detection of SARMs in doping control analysis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 464: 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.040
Tsarouhas, K., Kioukia-Fougia, N., Papalexis, P., Tsatsakis, A., Kouretas, D., Bacopoulou, F., Tsitsimpikou, C. 2018. Use of nutritional supplements contaminated with banned doping substances by recreational adolescent athletes in Athens, Greece. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 115: 447–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.043
Van Wagoner, .R.M., Eichner, A., Bhasin, S., Deuster, P.A., Eichner, D. 2017. Chemical composition and labeling of substances marketed as selective androgen receptor modulators and sold via the internet. Journal of the American Medical Association. 318: 2004–2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.17069
Voelker, S.E., Lorenz, L.M., Litzau, J.J., 2019. Semi-quantitative determination of designer steroids by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection in the absence of reference material. Drug Testing and Analysis. 11: 428–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2511
Waller, M.C., Kerr, D.A., Binnie, M.J., Eaton, E., Wood, C., Stenvers, T., Gucciardi, D.F., Goodman, C., Ducker, K.J., 2019. Supplement use and behaviors of athletes affiliated with an australian state-based sports institute. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 29: 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0336
Walpurgis, K., Thomas, A., Geyer, H., Mareck, U., Thevis, M., 2020. Dietary supplement and food contaminations and their implications for doping controls. Foods. 9: 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081012
Wójcicki, K., 2020. FTIR spectroscopy for quality evaluation of sports supplements on the Polish market. Foods and Raw Materials. 8: 177–185. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-177-185
Yager, Z., McLean, S., 2020. Muscle building supplement use in Australian adolescent boys: relationships with body image, weight lifting, and sports engagement. BMC Pediatrics. 20: 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-1993-6
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal Biotecnia is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
_(1)_(1).png){kind=spacer}
_(2).jpg)
