Ultrasonic bath assisted extraction of total polyphenols and betalains from dragon fruit peel: Optimization by Box–Behnken design

Dany Alejandro  Dzib Cauich; Karina Gabriela Rea Caamal; Emmanuel de Jesús  Chi Gutiérrez; Luis Alfonso Can Herrera; Rodrigo Portillo Salgado; Adán Cabal Prieto; Emmanuel de Jesús Ramírez Rivera; Julio Enrique Oney Montalvo

doi:10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2695

Authors

Dany Alejandro Dzib Cauich Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-2867
Karina Gabriela Rea Caamal Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico.
Emmanuel de Jesús Chi Gutiérrez Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1583-1752
Luis Alfonso Can Herrera Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-0320
Rodrigo Portillo Salgado Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-3752
Adán Cabal Prieto Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huatusco. Av. 25 Poniente No. 100, Colonia Reserva Territorial 94106, Huatusco, Veracruz, México. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-7915
Emmanuel de Jesús Ramírez Rivera Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zongolica. Km. 4 Carretera S/N Tepetlitlanapa. 95005, Zongolica, Veracruz, México. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3865-1314
Julio Enrique Oney Montalvo Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní. Av. Ah Canul S/N por carretera Federal, 24900. Calkini, Campeche, Mexico. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-9311

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2695

Keywords:

Antioxidant activity, Betacyanins, Betaxanthins, Hylocereus undatus, Response surface

Abstract

This study aims to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic bath-assisted extraction of betalains, polyphenols, and antioxidant compounds from dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus undatus). A Box-Behnken design was employed to evaluate the factors of sonication time, temperature, and ethanol percentage used as a solvent. The results showed that the optimal conditions for betalain extraction were a sonication time of 24 minutes, a temperature of 26°C, and 48% ethanol. For total polyphenols, the optimal time was 80 minutes, the temperature was 53°C, and the ethanol percentage was 54%. Antioxidant compounds exhibited optimal extraction conditions with a time ranging from 72 to 80 minutes, a temperature of 70°C, and an ethanol percentage between 54% and 56%. No significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the optimal experimental values and the theoretical ones, indicating that the optimized extraction factors reliably predict extraction yields. This study contributes to maximizing the use of bioactive compounds present in dragon fruit peel, adding value to the fruit while enabling the development of new functional foods derived from this by-product, which is typically discarded in industrial processes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Antony, A. and Farid, M. 2022. Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction. Applied Sciences, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042107

Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5

Chen, J., Xie, F., Cui, Y., Chen, C., Lu, W., Hu, X., Hua, Q., Zhao, J., Wu, Z., Gao, D., Zhang, Z., Jiang, W., Sun, Q., Hu, G. and Qin, Y. 2021. A chromosome-scale genome sequence of pitaya (Hylo-cereus undatus) provides novel insights into the genome evolution and regulation of betalain bi-osynthesis. Horticulture Research, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00612-0

Cunha, L.C.M., Monteiro, M.L.G., Costa-Lima, B.R.C., Guedes-Oliveira, J.M., Alves, V.H.M., Al-meida, A.L., Tonon, R.V., Rosenthal, A. and Conte-Junior, C.A. 2018. Effect of microencapsulated extract of pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) peel on color, texture and oxidative stability of re-frigerated ground pork patties submitted to high pressure processing. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 49, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2018.08.009

Eyshi, S., Ghareaghajlou, N., Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. and Ghasempour, Z. 2024. Red beet betalains extraction process: A comprehensive review of methods, applications, and physicochemical properties. Food Science and Nutrition, 12(11), 8540–8558. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4458

Ferreira, S.L.C., Bruns, R.E., Ferreira, H.S., Matos, G.D., David, J.M., Brandão, G.C., da Silva, E.G.P., Portugal, L.A., dos Reis, P.S., Souza, A.S., and Dos Santos, W.N.L. 2007. Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 597(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011

Jiang, H., Zhang, W., Li, X., Shu, C., Jiang, W. and Cao, J. 2021. Nutrition, phytochemical profile, bioactivities and applications in food industry of pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) peels: A comprehensive review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 116, 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.040

Laqui-Vilca, C., Aguilar-Tuesta, S., Mamani-Navarro, W., Montaño-Bustamante, J. and Conde-zo-Hoyos, L. 2018. Ultrasound-assisted optimal extraction and thermal stability of betalains from colored quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) hulls. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.034

Lombardelli, C., Benucci, I., Mazzocchi, C. and Esti, M. 2021. Betalain Extracts from Beetroot as Food Colorants: Effect of Temperature and UV-Light on Storability. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 76(3), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-021-00915-6

Maran, J.P., Priya, B. and Nivetha, C.V. 2015. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of nat-ural pigments from Bougainvillea glabra flowers. Industrial Crops and Products, 63, 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.059

Oney-Montalvo, J.E., Cabal-Prieto, A. and Ramirez-Rivera, E.J. (2023). La pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) como alimento funcional: fuente de nutrientes y fitoquímicos. Milenaria, Ciencia y Arte, 1 (2), 5–7.

Rasouli, H., Farzaei, M.H. and Khodarahmi, R. 2017. Polyphenols and their benefits: A review. In-ternational Journal of Food Properties, 20(2), 1700–1741. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1354017

Righi Pessoa da Silva, H., da Silva, C. and Bolanho, B. C. 2018. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of betalains from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Journal of Food Process Engineering, 41(6), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12833

Roriz, C.L., Barros, L., Prieto, M.A., Barreiro, M.F., Morales, P. and Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2017. Modern extraction techniques optimized to extract betacyanins from Gomphrena globosa L. Industrial Crops and Products, 105, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.008

Shakir, B.K. and Simone, V. 2024. Estimation of betalain content in beetroot peel powder. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(1), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2438

Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In Lipids, 3, 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1

Slimen, I.B., Najar, T. and Abderrabba, M. 2017. Chemical and antioxidant properties of betalains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(4), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04208

Sun, C., Wu, Z., Wang, Z. and Zhang, H. 2015. Effect of ethanol/water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of Beijing propolis extracts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Al-ternative Medicine, 1, 595393. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/595393

Tabio-García, D., Paraguay-Delgado, F., Sánchez-Madrigal, M., Quintero-Ramos, A., Espinoza-Hicks, J.C., Meléndez-Pizarro, C.O., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, M.G. and Espitia-Rangel, E. 2021. Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondria-cus var. Nutrisol. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105680

Tarte, I., Singh, A., Dar, A.H., Sharma, A., Altaf, A. and Sharma, P. 2023. Unfolding the potential of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) for value addition: A review. EFood, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/efd2.76

Thirugnanasambandham, K. and Sivakumar, V. 2017. Microwave assisted extraction process of beta-lain from dragon fruit and its antioxidant activities. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.02.001

Williamson, G. 2017. The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition. Nutrition Bulletin, 42(3), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12278