Leptospirosis at human-animal-environment interfaces in Latin-America: drivers, prevention, and control measures

Autores/as

  • Guadalupe López Robles
  • Francisca Nilza Córdova Robles
  • Edgar Sandoval Petris
  • Maricela Montalvo Corral Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-7490

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442

Palabras clave:

Leptospirosis, interfaz humano-animal-ambiente, determinantes de ocurrencia, Latinoamérica

Resumen

La leptospirosis es una de las principales enfermedades zoonóticas de distribución mundial, principalmente en regiones con climas cálidos o tropicales. Es ocasionada por la espiroqueta del género Leptospira, se presenta clínicamente de forma asintomática, con cuadros moderados o graves en humanos y animales. La transmisión de animal a humanos es más frecuente en grupos ocupacionalmente expuestos como trabajadores agrícolas y ganaderos, veterinarios, cazadores, trabajadores de rastros e incluso viajeros. Asimismo, también representa una enfermedad asociada a pobreza y ambientes de bajo saneamiento, en comunidades rurales y urbanas, en contacto cercano con animales domésticos y ganado. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Google scholar, usando palabras claves Leptospira/leptospirosis en el periodo 1990-2020. La revisión se enfoca en la descripción de determinantes biológicos y socioambientales que influyen en la ocurrencia de la enfermedad en humanos. La leptospirosis se encuentra en la interfase de la salud humana y animal, y representa un reto para la salud pública, animal, y la producción de alimentos; por lo que es crítica la mejora en las estrategias de prevención, control y vigilancia en países de Latinoamérica, una de las regiones más afectadas por la enfermedad.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Almeida, D.S., Paz, L.N., de Oliveira, D.S., Silva, D.N., Ristow, P., Hamond, C., Costa, F., Portela, R.W., Estrela-Lima, A. and Pinna, M.H. 2019. Investigation of chronic infection by Leptospira spp. in asymptomatic sheep slaughtered in slaughterhouse. PloSone. 14:e0217391.

Adler, B. and de la Peña-Moctezuma, A. 2010. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Veterinary Microbiology. 140:287-296.

Alvarado-Esquivel, C., Sanchez-Anguiano, L.F. and Hernandez-Tinoco, J. 2015. Seroepidemiology of Leptospira Exposure in General Population in Rural Durango, Mexico. BioMed Research International. 2015:460578.

Azócar-Aedo, L., Smits, H. and Monti, G. 2014. Leptospirosis in dogs and cats: epidemiology, clinical disease, zoonotic implications and prevention. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria. 46:337-348.

Bandara, M., Ananda, M., Wickramage, K., Berger, E. and Agampodi, S. 2014. Globalization of leptospirosis through travel and migration. Globalization and Health. 10:1-9.

Barragan, V., Olivas, S., Keim, P. and Pearson, T. 2017. Critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of environmental cycling and transmission of Leptospira spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 83.

Bashiru, G. and Bahaman, A.R. 2018. Advances & challenges in leptospiral vaccine development. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 147:15-22.

Bengis, R.G., Leighton, F.A., Fischer, J.R., Artois, M., Morner, T. and Tate, C.M. 2004. The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Épizooties. 23:497-511.

Bharti, A.R., Nally, J.E., Ricaldi, J.N., Matthias, M.A., Diaz, M.M., Lovett, M.A., Levett, P.N., Gilman, R.H., Willig, M.R., Gotuzzo, E., Vinetz, J.M. and Peru-United States Leptospirosis, C. 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 3:757-771.

Bierque, E., Thibeaux, R., Girault, D., Soupé-Gilbert, M.E. and Goarant, C. 2020. A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments. PLoSone. 15:e0227055.

Bolin, C.A. and Koellner, P. 1988. Human-to-human transmission of Leptospira interrogans by milk. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 158:246-247.

Botazzo, A., Freitas, J.C., Bracarense, A.P., Eckehardt, E. and Oliveira, R. 2002. Leptospirosis in slaughtered sows: serological and histopathological investigation. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 33:174-177.

Brett-Major, D.M. and Coldren, R. 2012. Antibiotics for leptospirosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. CD008264.

Brockmann, S.O., Ulrich, L., Piechotowski, I., Wagner-Wiening, C., Nockler, K., Mayer-Scholl, A. and Eichner, M. 2016. Risk factors for human Leptospira seropositivity in South Germany. SpringerPlus. 5:1796.

Brown, P., McKenzie, M., Pinnock, M. yand McGrowder, D. 2011. Environmental risk factors associated with leptospirosis among butchers and their associates in Jamaica. The international Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2:47-57.

Budihal, S.V. and Perwez, K. 2014. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competancy of various laboratory tests. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 8:199-202.

Caimi, K. and Ruybal, P. 2020. Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 81:104241.

Cameron, C.E. 2015. Leptospiral structure, physiology, and metabolism. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 387:21-41.

Campos, Â.P., Miranda, D.F.H., Rodrigues, H.W.S., Lustosa, M.d.S.C., Martins, G.H.C., Mineiro, A.L.B.B., Castro, V., Azevedo, S.S. and de Sousa Silva, S.M.M. 2017. Seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing from the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Tropical animal health and production. 49:899-907.

Carmona-Gasca, C.A., Lara, L.L., Castillo-Sánchez, L.O., Ramírez-Ortega, J.M., Palomera, C.L. and de la Peña-Moctezuma, A. 2011. Detection of Leptospira santarosai and L. kirschneri in cattle: new isolates with potential impact in bovine production and public health. Veterinaria Mexico. 42:277-288.

Carvajal, M.P. and Fagerstrom, K.A. 2017. Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Costa Rica 2011-2015. Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 4:41-46.

Castillo-Hernández, M. 2014. Leptospira en ganado bovino. Tesis de licenciatura. Universidad Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila.

Cilia, G., Bertelloni, F., Albini, S. and Fratini, F. 2021. Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations From “Unconventional” Hosts. Animals. 11:191.

Cordova-Robles, N.F. 2019. Leptospirosis and su transmisión zoonótica en trabajadores de explotaciones de ganado bovino. Tesis de maestría. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora.

Costa, D.F.D., Silva, A.F.d., Brasil, A.W.d.L., Loureiro, A.P.P., Santos, F.A.d., Azevedo, S.S.d., Lilenbaum, W. and Alves, C.J. 2016. Leptospirosis in native mixed-breed sheep slaughtered in a semiarid region of Brazil. Ciência Rural. 47.

Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B. and Ko, A.I. 2015. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9:e0003898.

Courdurie, C., Le Govic, Y., Bourhy, P., Alexer, D., Pailla, K., Theodose, R., Cesaire, R., Rosine, J., Hochedez, P. and Olive, C. 2017. Evaluation of different serological assays for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in Martinique (French West Indies). PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11:e0005678.

Cruz-Romero, A., Alvarado-Esquivel, C., Romero-Salas, D., Alvarado-Félix, Á.O., Sánchez-Montes, S., Hernández-Tinoco, J. and Sánchez-Anguiano, L.F. 2018. Seroepidemiology of Leptospira infection in backyard pigs in Durango State, Mexico. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology. 8:87-90.

Dewes, C., Fortes, T.P., Machado, G.B., Pacheco, P.S., Silva, J.P.M., Neto, A.C.P.S., Félix, S.R. and da Silva, É.F. 2020. Prevalence and risk factors associated with equine leptospirosis in an endemic urban area in Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Development. 6:58380-58390.

Dhewantara, P.W., Mamun, A.A., Zhang, W.Y., Yin, W.W., Ding, F., Guo, D., Hu, W., Costa, F., Ko, A.I. and Soares Magalhaes, R.J. 2018. Epidemiological shift and geographical heterogeneity in the burden of leptospirosis in China. Infectious-Diseases of Poverty. 7:57.

Dorsch, R., Ojeda, J., Salgado, M., Monti, G., Collado, B., Tomckowiack, C., Tejeda, C., Müller, A., Eberhard, T. and Klaasen, H.L. 2020. Cats shedding pathogenic Leptospira spp.—An underestimated zoonotic risk? PloS one. 15:e0239991.

Dos Santos, L.F., Guimarães, M.F., de Souza, G.O., da Silva, I.W.G., Santos, J.R., Azevedo, S.S., Labruna, M.B., Heinemann, M.B. and Horta, M.C. 2017. Seroepidemiological survey on Leptospira spp. infection in wild and domestic mammals in two distinct areas of the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. Tropical animal health and production. 49:1715-1722.

Ellis, W.A. 2015. Animal leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 387:99-137.

Fávero, J.F., Fritzen, A., Lovato, L.T., Martins, P., Baldissera, M.D., Stefani, L.M. and Da Silva, A.S. 2018. Immune response of a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans: antibodies and cytokine levels. Microbial pathogenesis. 114:46-49.

Ferreira, A.S., Costa, P., Rocha, T., Amaro, A., Vieira, M.L., Ahmed, A., Thompson, G., Hartskeerl, R.A. e Inácio, J. 2014. Direct detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira species using a multi-gene targeted real time PCR approach. PLoS One. 9:e112312.

Flores, D.M., Flores, L.M., Romanielo, A.F.R., Dutra, G.S., Souza, A.V., Finta, A.L.N., de Lima, D.K.F. and de Sousa Machado, L.C. 2020. Epidemiologia da Leptospirose no Brasil 2007 a 2016. Brazilian Journal of Health Review. 3:2675-2680.

Galarde-López, M., Bobadilla-del Valle, M., Sánchez-ZamoranoL.M., Ordaz-Vázquez, A., Velazquez-Meza, M.E., Soberanis-Ramos, O. 2021. High exposure to pathogenic leptospires by the population residing in dairy farms in Hidalgo, Mexico. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 52:1013–1019.

Galloway, R.L., Schafer, I.J. and Stoddard, R.A. 2019. Travel-Related Infectious Diseases: Leptospirosis. En: CDC yellow book 2020:Health information for international travel. Brunette, G.W. and Nemhauser, J.B. (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York.

Garba, B., Bahaman, A.R., Bejo, S.K., Zakaria, Z., Mutalib, A.R. and Bande, F. 2018. Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia. Acta Tropica. 178:242-247.

Gaytán-Camarillo, F., Rico-Chávez, O., Palomares-Resendiz, E.G., Gutiérrez-Hernández, J.L., Díaz-Aparicio, E. and Herrera-López, E. 2021. Spatial autocorrelation and co-occurrence of six serovarieties of Leptospira in goat herds of the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 1-8.

González, H. and Macías, A. 2017. Agrifood Vulnerability and Neoliberal Economic Policies in Mexico. Review of Agrarian Studies. 7:72-106.

Grassmann, A., Souza, J. and McBride, A. 2017. A Universal Vaccine against Leptospirosis: Are We Going in the Right Direction? Frontiers in Immunology. 8:256.

Guglielmini, J., Bourhy, P., Schiettekatte, O., Zinini, F., Brisse, S., Picardeau, M. 2019. Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(4):e0007374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007374.

Haake, D.A. and Levett, P.N. 2015. Leptospirosis in humans. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 387:65-97.

Hamond, C., Pinna, A., Martins, G. and Lilenbaum, W. 2014. The role of leptospirosis in reproductive disorders in horses. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 46:1-10.

Harrison, N. and Fitzgerald, W. 1988. Leptospirosis--can it be a sexually transmitted disease? Postgraduate Medical Journal. 64:163.

Hartskeerl, P. and Terpstra, W. 1996. Leptospirosis in wild animals. Veterinary Quarterly. 18:149-150.

Hartskeerl, R.A. and Smythe, L.D. 2015. The role of leptospirosis reference laboratories. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 387:273-288.

Hernández-Ramírez, C., Gaxiola-Camacho, S., Osuna-Ramírez, I., Enríquez-Verdugo, I., Castro, N. and López-Moreno, H. 2017. Prevalence and risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan, Sinaloa. Veterinaria México. 4:1-12.

Jones, K.E., Patel, N.G., Levy, M.A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J.L. and Daszak, P. 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 451:990-993.

Jorge, S., Schuch, R.A., de Oliveira, N.R., da Cunha, C.E.P., Gomes, C.K., Oliveira, T.L., Rizzi, C., Qadan, A.F., Pacce, V.D. and Recuero, A.L.C. 2017. Human and animal leptospirosis in Southern Brazil: A five-year retrospective study. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 18:46-52.

Kamath, R., Swain, S., Pattanshetty, S. and Nair, N.S. 2014. Studying risk factors associated with human leptospirosis. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6:3-9.

Katz, A.R., Buchholz, A.E., Hinson, K., Park, S.Y. and Effler, P.V. 2011. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, USA, 1999–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17:221.

Ko, A.I., Goarant, C. and Picardeau, M. 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7:736-747.

Koizumi, N. and Watanabe, H. 2005. Leptospirosis vaccines: past, present, and future. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 51:210-214.

Lau, C.L., Smythe, L.D., Craig, S.B. and Weinstein, P. 2010. Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 104:631-638.

Leal-Castellanos, C.B., Garcia-Suarez, R., Gonzalez-Figueroa, E., Fuentes-Allen, J.L. and Escobedo-de la Penal, J. 2003. Risk factors and the prevalence of leptospirosis infection in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico. Epidemiology and Infection. 131:1149-1156.

Levett, P.N. 2001. Leptospirosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14:293-326.

Levett, P.N. 2004. Leptospirosis: a forgotten zoonosis? Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews. 4:435-448.

Levett, P.N. 2015. Systematics of leptospiraceae. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 387:11-20.

Levett, P.N. and Haake, D.A. 2014. Leptospira species (leptospirosis). En: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R. and Blaser, M.J. (Eds.), 2714-2720.e2712. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Loureiro, A.P. and Lilenbaum, W. 2020. Genital bovine leptospirosis: A new look for an old disease. Theriogenology. 141:41-47.

Luna, A., Moles, C., Gavaldón, R., Nava, V. and Salazar, G. 2008. La leptospirosis canina y su problemática en México. Revista de Salud Animal. 30:01-11.

Matsuo, K., Isogai, E. and Araki, Y. 2000. Control of immunologically crossreactive leptospiral infection by administration of lipopolysaccharides from a nonpathogenic strain of Leptospira biflexa. Microbiology and Immunology. 44:887-890.

Meny, P., Menéndez, C., Ashfield, N., Quintero, J., Rios, C., Iglesias, T., Schelotto, F. and Varela, G. 2019. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in human groups at risk due to environmental, labor or social conditions. Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 51:324-333.

Miraglia, F., de Morais, Z.M., Dellagostin, O.A., Seixas, F.K., Freitas, J.C., Zacarias, F.G., Delbem, Á.C., Ferreira, T.S., Souza, G.O. and Hartskeerl, R.A. 2012. Molecular and serological characterization of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from dogs, swine, and bovine in Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 45:117-121.

Miraglia, F., Moreno, A.M., Gomes, C.R., Paixão, R., Liuson, E., Morais, Z.M., Maiorka, P., Seixas, F.K., Dellagostin, O.A. and Vasconcellos, S.A. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Leptospira interrogans from pigs slaughtered in São Paulo State, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 39:501-507.

Mohan, A.R., Cumberbatch, A., Adesiyun, A.A. and Chadee, D.D. 2009. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Trinidad and Tobago, 1996-2007: a retrospective study. Acta-Tropica. 112:260-265.

Moreira, J., Bressan, C.S., Brasil, P. and Siqueira, A.M. 2018. Epidemiology of acute febrile illness in Latin-America. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 24:827-835.

Murillo, A., Goris, M., Ahmed, A., Cuenca, R. and Pastor, J. 2020. Leptospirosis in cats: Current literature review to guide diagnosis and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 22:216-228.

Noguchi, H. 1918. The Survival of Leptospira (Spirochaeta) Icterohaemorrhagiae in Nature; Observations Concerning Microchemical Reactions and Intermediary Hosts. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 27:609-625.

Norma oficial mexicana NOM-029-SSA2-1999, para la vigilancia epidemiológica, prevención y control de la leptospirosis en el humano. [Consultado 20 Febrero 2021] 1999. Disponible en: http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/029ssa29.html.

Oliveira, M.A.A., Leal, É.A., Correia, M.A., Serufo Filho, J.C., Dias, R.S. and Serufo, J.C. 2017. Human leptospirosis: occurrence of serovars of Leptospira spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 48:483-488.

OMS. 2008. Guía para el diagnóstico, vigilancia y control. Serie de manuales técnicos 12. Rio de Janeiro. Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Orlando, S.A., Perez, A., Sanchez, E., de la Cruz, C., Rugel, O. and Garcia-Bereguiain, M.A. 2020. High seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in domestic and wild mammals from a mixed use rescue center in Ecuador: Lessons for “One Health” based conservation strategies. One Health. 10:100140.

Ortega-Pacheco, A., Gutiérrez-Blanco, E., Cauich-Mendez, W. and Jimenez-Coello, M. 2020. Leptospira spp. in cats from tropical Mexico. Journal of Zoonotic Diseases. 4:1-8.

Ospina-Pinto, M.C., Rincón-Pardo, M., Soler-Tovar, D. and Hernández-Rodríguez, P. 2019. Alteration of the Reproductive Indicators by the Presence of Leptospira spp. in Sows of Swine Farms. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 47.

Pedroza-Perez, D. 2008. Prevalencia de leptospirosis en ganado bovino productor de carne en el estado de Sonora. Publicación Técnica No. 3. Campo Experimental Costa de Hermosillo (INIFAP). Impresos Justo a Tiempo, S.A. de C.V. México.

Pereira, M., Schneider, M., Munoz-Zanzi, C., Costa, F., Benschop, J., Hartskeerl, R., Martinez, J., Jancloes, M. and Bertherat, E. 2018. A road map for leptospirosis research and health policies based on country needs in Latin-America. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 41:e131.

Petrakovsky, J., Tinao, J. and Esteves, J. 2013. Leptospirosis porcina:prevalencia serológica en establecimientos productores de la República Argentina. Revista MVZ Córdoba. 18:3282-3287.

Pinto Pda, S., Libonati, H., Penna, B. and Lilenbaum, W. 2016. A systematic review on the microscopic agglutination test seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Latin-America. Trop Anim Health Prod. 48:239-248.

Pratt, N. and Rajeev, S. 2018. Leptospira seroprevalence in animals in the Caribbean region: A systematic review. Acta tropica. 182:34-42.

Pulido-Villamarín, A., Carreño-Beltrán, G., Mercado-Reyes, M. and Ramírez-Bulla, P. 2014. Situación epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Centroamérica, Suramérica y el Caribe. Universitas Scientiarum. 19:247-264.

Putz, E.J. and Nally, J.E. 2020. Investigating the Immunological and Biological Equilibrium of Reservoir Hosts and Pathogenic Leptospira: Balancing the Solution to an Acute Problem? Frontiers in Immunology. 11:2005.

Rahman, M.H.A.A., Hairon, S.M., Hamat, R.A., Jamaluddin, T.Z.M.T., Shafei, M.N., Idris, N., Osman, M., Sukeri, S., Wahab, Z.A. and Mohammad, W.M.Z.W. 2018. Leptospirosis health intervention module effect on Knowledge, attitude, belief, and practice among wet market Workers in Northeastern Malaysia: an intervention study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15:1396.

Rajapakse, S., Rodrigo, C., Handunnetti, S.M. and Fernando, S.D. 2015. Current immunological and molecular tools for leptospirosis: diagnostics, vaccine design, and biomarkers for predicting severity. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 14:2.

Richard, S. and Oppliger, A. 2015. Zoonotic occupational diseases in forestry workers - Lyme borreliosis, tularemia and leptospirosis in Europe. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 22:43-50.

Rivera‐Benitez, J., Rosas‐Estrada, K., Pulido‐Camarillo, E., de la Peña‐Moctezuma, A., Castillo‐Juárez, H. and Ramírez‐Mendoza, H. 2014. Serological Survey of Veterinarians to Assess the Zoonotic Potential of Three Emerging Swine Diseases in Mexico. Zoonoses and Public Health. 61:131-137.

Rodríguez, Y., Echeverría, E., Rodriguez, J., Valdés, Y., Rodriguez, I. and Obregón, A.M. 2018. Leptospira Serovars Circulating in Eastern Region of Cuba, from 2007 to 2012. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research.

Rodríguez-Parra, M., Bocanegra-arcía, V., Acosta-González, R., García-Oropesa, E., Bocanegra-Alonso, A. and Flores-Gutiérrez, G. 2009. Seropositividad a Leptospira en trabajadores de rastros de Tamaulipas. Bioquimia. 34:92.

Samsudin, S., Sakinah, S., Malina, O., Norliza, B., Noh, M., Fairuz, A., Jamaluddin, T., Hamat, R., Zahiruddin, W. and Mohd Nazri, S. 2018. Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies among market workers and food handlers in the central state of Malaysia. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 23:327-333.

Sanchez-Montes, S., Espinosa-Martinez, D.V., Rios-Munoz, C.A., Berzunza-Cruz, M. and Becker, I. 2015. Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases. PLoSOne. 10:e0133720.

Sanhueza, J.M., Heuer, C., Wilson, P.R., Benschop, J. and Collins-Emerson, J.M. 2017. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Leptospira Seropositivity in Beef Cattle, Sheep and Deer Farmers in New Zealand. Zoonoses Public Health. 64:370-380.

Schneider, M.C., Leonel, D.G., Hamrick, P.N., Caldas, E.P.d., Velásquez, R.T., Paez, F.A.M., Arrebato, J.C.G., Gerger, A., Pereira, M.M. and Aldighieri, S. 2017. Leptospirosis in Latin-America: exploring the first set of regional data. Revista-Panamericana de Salud Pública. 41:e81.

Sehgal, S., Sugunan, A., Murhekar, M., Sharma, S. and Vijayachari, P. 2000. Randomized controlled trial of doxycycline prophylaxis against leptospirosis in an endemic area. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 13:249-255.

Sequeira, J., Jiménez, M., Araya, L., Avalos, J. and Oviedo, M. 2016. Seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. en ganado bovino lechero de la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. Revista Ciencias Veterinarias. 34:23.

Shaked, Y., Shpilberg, O., Samra, D. and Samra, Y. 1993. Leptospirosis in pregnancy and its effect on the fetus: case report and review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 17:241-243.

Shiokawa, K., Welcome, S., Kenig, M., Lim, B. and Rajeev, S. 2019. Epidemiology of Leptospira infection in livestock species in Saint Kitts. Tropical animal health and production. 51:1645-1650.

Sonrier, C., Branger, C., Michel, V., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., Ganiere, J. and Andre-Fontaine, G. 2000. Evidence of cross-protection within Leptospira interrogans in an experimental model. Vaccine. 19:86-94.

Stackebrandt, E., Chertkov, O., Lapidus, A., Nolan, M., Lucas, S., Hammon, N., Deshpande, S., Cheng, J.F., Tapia, R., Goodwin, L.A., Pitluck, S., Liolios, K., Pagani, I., Ivanova, N., Mavromatis, K., Mikhailova, N., Huntemann, M., Pati, A., Chen, A., Palaniappan, K., Land, M., Pan, C., Rohde, M., Gronow, S., Goker, M., Detter, J.C., Bristow, J., Eisen, J.A., Markowitz, V., Hugenholtz, P., Woyke, T., Kyrpides, N.C. and Klenk, H.P. 2013. Genome sequence of the free-living aerobic spirochete Turneriella parva type strain (H(T)), and emendation of the species Turneriella parva. Standards in Genomic Sciences. 8:228-238.

Suepaul, S., Carrington, C., Campbell, M., Borde, G. and Adesiyun, A. 2010. Serovars of Leptospira isolated from dogs and rodents. Epidemiology & Infection. 138:1059-1070.

Taddei, S., Moreno, G., Cabassi, C.S., Schiano, E., Spadini, C. and Cavirani, S. 2021. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Colombian Dairy Herds. Animals. 11:785.

Tan, W.L., Soelar, S.A., Mohd Suan, M.A., Hussin, N., Cheah, W.K., Verasahib, K. and Goh, P.P. 2016. Leptospirosis Incidence and Mortality in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 47:434-440.

Thibeaux, R., Geroult, S., Benezech, C., Chabaud, S., Soupe-Gilbert, M.E., Girault, D., Bierque, E. and Goarant, C. 2017. Seeking the environmental source of Leptospirosis reveals durable bacterial viability in river soils. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11:e0005414.

Thiermann, A.B. 1982. Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 43:780-784.

Vado-Solís, I.A., Cárdenas-Marrufo, M.F., Pérez-Osorio, C.E., Jiménez-Delgadillo, B., Arias-León, J.J. and Peniche-Lara, F. 2014. Leptospirosis: una enfermedad ocupacional en trabajadores que conviven con bovinos seropositivos en el estado de Yucatán. Ciencias Humanismo Salud. 1:4-13.

Valença, R., Mota, R., Castro, V., Anderlini, G., Pinheiro Junior, J., Brandespim, D., Valença, S. and Guerra, M. 2013. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection in technified swine farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in swine farms. Transboundary and emerging diseases. 60:79-86.

Velasco-Castrejón, O., Rivas-Sánchez, B., Sánchez-Spíndola, M.E., Soriano, J., Rivera-Reyes, H.H. and Sebles, V.G. 2009. Leptospirosis crónica en México. Revista Mexicana de Patología Clínica y Medicina de Laboratorio. 56:157-167.

Vieira, A.S., Pinto, P.S. and Lilenbaum, W. 2018. A systematic review of leptospirosis on wild animals in Latin-America. Tropical animal health and production. 50:229-238.

Vincent AT, Schiettekatte O, Goarant C, Neela VK, Bernet E, Thibeaux R, et al. (2019) Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(5):e0007270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007270

Vinod Kumar, K., Lall, C., Vimal Raj, R., Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P. 2016. Molecular detection of pathogenic leptospiral protein encoding gene (lipL32) in environmental aquatic biofilms. Letters in applied microbiology. 62:311-315.

Waggoner, J.J. and Pinsky, B.A. 2016. Molecular diagnostics for human leptospirosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 29:440-445.

WHO. 2002. Occupational health:a manual for primary health care workers. No. WHO-EM/OCH/85/E/L. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt.

WHO. 2009. Leptospirosis Situation in the WHO South-East Asia Region. World Health Organization Regional office for South-East Asia. 7:2011.

Wynwood, S.J., Graham, G.C., Weier, S.L., Collet, T.A., McKay, D.B. and Craig, S.B. 2014. Leptospirosis from water sources. Pathogens and Global Health. 108:334-338.

Yasuda, P.H., Steigerwalt, A.G., Sulzer, K.R., Kaufmann, A.F., Rogers, F. and Brenner, D.J. 1987. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 37:407-415.

Yescas-Benitez, J.E., Rivero-Perez, N., Montiel-Díaz, H.E., Valladares-Carranza, B., Pelaez-Acero, A., Morales-Ubaldo, A.L. and Zaragoza-Bastida, A. 2020. Comportamiento-Epidemiológico de Leptospirosis en México durante periodo 2012-2018. Revista Salud Pública. 22:1-5.

Zárate-Martínez, J., Rosete-Fernández, J., Ríos-Utrera, A., Barradas-Piña, F. and Olazarán-Jenkins, S. 2015. Prevalence of leptospirosis and its relationship with pregnancy rate in cattle from the central zone of Veracruz. NovaScientia. 7:202-217.

Zavala-Velázquez, J.E., Vado-Solís, I.A., Rodríguez-Félix, M.E., Rodríguez-Angulo, E.M., Barrera-Pérez, M.A. and Guzman-Marín, E.d.S. 1998. Leptospirosis anictérica en un brote epidémico de dengue en la Península de Yucatán. Revista Biomedica. 9:78-83.

Publicado

2021-09-29

Cómo citar

López Robles, G., Córdova Robles, F. N., Sandoval Petris, E., & Montalvo Corral, M. (2021). Leptospirosis at human-animal-environment interfaces in Latin-America: drivers, prevention, and control measures. Biotecnia, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442

Número

Sección

Artículos originales

Métrica

Artículos similares

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >> 

También puede Iniciar una búsqueda de similitud avanzada para este artículo.